American History 101: States Rights Versus Strong Federal Government

Throughout the history of the United States there has existed a seemingly continuous struggle between the federal government and the individual states as to who truly holds the core of power within the country. The foundations of the country lie within the idea that there needs to be a limited role for the government that protects individual rights and freedoms. There have been periods in which the states chose their own destiny and the federal government could barely figure out what it was having for breakfast, and other periods in which the states could not make the smallest of decisions on their own without the federal government’s approval. During the past thirty or so years, there has been a reasonable balance between the federal government’s ability to regulate and control states, however we still exist as The United States of America with a core central government that rules the land. 

The idea that we are a confederate collection of states held strong support and was the basis for this country at its founding. The very nature of the country was built upon the idea that sovereignty lie within the citizens and not the government. The passage of the Articles of Confederation in 1781, which represented the first Constitution of the United States, is a strong example of the founders intentions regarding how the central government should operate. The Articles allowed each state to remain sovereign and independent. Each state had the responsibility to govern itself, and only turn to Congress in the event that individual states could not settle their own business. The power of the federal government was limited to making treaties and alliances, maintaining the military and controlling the monetary supply. The federal government could not levy taxes or regulate commerce between states, which were two of the biggest reasons the Articles of Confederations ultimately failed. 

There was a push for a strengthening of the federal government so that the country could grow as a strong nation, and not simply a collection of states. The inability to raise the funds in order to support the operation of the federal government led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. And out of this convention came the first draft of the document that we now know as the Constitution of the United States of America. It was further ratified in 1788, passed in 1789 and has been amended twenty-seven times since but has stood the test of time and trials throughout American history. The Constitution increased the strength of the federal government in its ability to not only collect taxes from the people in order to support itself, but also increased controls over commerce, land management and several other key areas of the country. 

Even after the Constitution became the law of the land, the states still held on to the idea that they were sovereign in their laws and actions. The conflict between this idea and the national need for a strong central government came to a head in 1860 when South Carolina officially seceded from the union citing its right to govern itself independent of the federal government. One of the most inflammatory sparks that ignited the American Civil War was the fight for the rights of states to govern themselves as they saw fit without unnecessary interference from the federal government. The biggest conflict at this time was the subject of whether or not states could decide if slavery was legal within their own borders, or if the federal government had the right to outlaw slavery in specific states, but it was not the only states rights issue at the time. The blood that was shed by Americans between 1861 and 1865 was as much about the idea that states had the right and ability to control their own fate, as it was about securing freedom for one group of people. And at the end of the war in 1865 when Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House it signaled not only the end of the war, but also the end of individual state sovereignty in the United States once and for all. This country was no longer a collection of states that was protected by a federal government, it was one country that had separate geographic regions with distinct cultures and ideals. The end of the Civil War meant we were one body, with a controlling central government. The states have significantly less power today then they did at the founding of the United States of America. 

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Bruce holds a degree in Computer Science from Temple University, a Graduate Certificate in Biblical History from Liberty University and is working towards a Masters Degree in American History at American Public University.  He has worked in educational and technology for over 18 years, specializes in building infrastructures for schools that work to support the mission of technology in education in the classroom.  He also has served as a classroom teacher in Computer Science, History and English classes.  

Bruce is the author of five books: Sands of Time, Towering Pines Volume One:Room 509, The Star of Christmas, Philadelphia Story: A Lance Carter Detective Novel and The Insider's Story: A Lance Carter Detective Novel

Today in American History 02/19/1942: The Internment of Japanese Americans During World War II

Today in American History, 02/19/1942 President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066.  This Executive Order authorized the "evacuation" of everyone of Japanese ancestry from the west coast of the United States.  This order began what is known as the Japanese Internment during World War II, this continued until June 30, 1946.

Members of the Mochida Family tagged and waiting to be relocated.

In response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor and subsequent war with Japan, the order was issued and allowed regional military commanders to designate "military areas" that would allow "any and all persons to be excluded."  This order was vague enough to allow all people of Japanese ancestry to be excluded from the entirety of the American West Coast, including all of California, most of Oregon, Washington and Arizona.  It is estimated that somewhere between 100,000 and 125,000 Japanese were forcibly relocated during this time period.   Approximately 5,000 Japanese Americans voluntarily relocated before March of 1942 before the military began removing people.

The forcible removal and subsequent incarceration was seemingly applied unequally, partially because of the different population concentrations.  While there were over 100,000 Japanese Americans moved on the West Coast, the situation in Hawaii was much different.  Only approximately 1,500 out of the 150,000 Japanese in Hawaii were moved into government camps because the population center of Hawaii was approximately 1/3rd Japanese.

Of the approximately 130,000 Japanese Americans who were interred in the Western part of the United States and Hawaii, it is estimated that over 62% of them were American citizens.  The United States Census Bureau assisted with the locating and removal of Japanese Americans by providing personal and confidential data to the military.

Locations of Camps

 The Bureau actively denied its role in the removal of American citizens until documents that proved its role came to light in 2007.  This removal of American citizens against their will was upheld as constitutional by the Supreme Court in 1944 in the United States vs. Fred Korematsu.  While the court upheld the validity of the right to remove an American citizen from their home against their will, it said nothing about the subsequent incarceration of the citizens without due process.

The Japanese Americans that were taken from their homes and incarcerated without their consent or due process often lost everything they owned, including their homes and personal possessions.  The War Relocation Authority was a civilian run organization that was tasked with assigning people to camps and maintaining them.  All told there were 69 camps spread out all over the country, with some even holding Americans of Italian and German ancestry, too.  While some of the camps were maintained and kept up within reason, the majority of them featured poor living conditions. 

Workers harvesting food at an internment camp.

This dark period in American history was kicked off because of a combination of things.  The government feared that there were Japanese spies living within the communities, and they publicly said that the move was to protect the citizens from possible violence from Americans who blamed the Japanese for Pearl Harbor.  In the 1980 report by the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Citizens entitled "Personal Justice Denied", the commission found that there was very little evidence of Japanese disloyalty at the time and concluded that the incarceration had been a product of racism.  They recommended that the government pay reparations to the survivors and their families.  In 1988, President Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act that authorized a payment of $20,000 to each individual camp survivor.  In the act the government admitted to wrongdoing based on "racial prejudice, war hysteria and a failure of political leadership."  The total amount of money paid out was more than $1.6 billion.


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Bruce holds a degree in Computer Science from Temple University, a Graduate Certificate in Biblical History from Liberty University and is working towards a Masters Degree in American History at American Public University.  He has worked in educational and technology for over 18 years, specializes in building infrastructures for schools that work to support the mission of technology in education in the classroom.  He also has served as a classroom teacher in Computer Science, History and English classes.  

Bruce is the author of five books: Sands of Time, Towering Pines Volume One:Room 509, The Star of Christmas, Philadelphia Story: A Lance Carter Detective Novel and The Insider's Story: A Lance Carter Detective Novel